后京都时代到来之前CDM项目开发运营的应对策略

后京都时代CDM市场的形势不明朗,我国CDM项目的主要参与方如何应对,关系到其切身利益.以实务操作为视角,各参与方迫切需要从把握碳市场的国际形势、加强项目开发运营管理能力建设、注重减排量购买协议中法律风险防范、关注国内碳交易市场建设等多方面入手,有效应对新形势下CDM项目的开发运营工作.     

Structural failure determination with fuzzy sets

This paper has four objectives. Firstly, modifications are recommended and presented to a well known set of US Army test data representing eleven tests that involve destruction of buried concrete box structures by ground transmitted shock waves. The resultant database is available for failure mode analysis. Secondly, a new approach forfailure mode analysis based on pattern recognition techniques to the structural engineering community is introduced. Thirdly, a comparison is presented of the results of preprocessing, feature extraction, and cluster analysis for failure modes to several previous studies. The objective here is to inform the structural engineering community about data interpretations that can be inferred using this approach; the authors do not claim to have a conclusive or definitive classification of failure modes in these data. Finally, the importance of a priori decisions about data analysis during the planning stages of physical experiments is emphasized by pointing out the many statistical and other uncertainities that are associated with the data being discussed.     

TARGET LEVELS IN TRAFFIC SAFETY ANALYSIS

The concept of target based traffic safety investment is discussed. A procedure is developed to establish the optimum target level [reduction in accident frequency, rate, or risk] that can be achieved when the expected cost of the countermeasure(s) and the expected cost of accidents is considered. Expected level of safety without countermea-sure and effectiveness of countermeasure are both treated as random variables, and it is shown that the optimum target is dependent on the form of the probability distribution, its parameters, and the ratio of accident cost to countermeasure cost. Application of the procedure to routine safety analysis and management is demonstrated using simple numerical examples.     

Use of fuzzy sets in developing code risk factors

Fuzzy set theory is used to produce risk factor values for a building code. Working through reliability indices, a transformation is developed to convert estimates of relative social importance of a building into code load factors. The importance estimates are found by surveying knowledgeable members of society or playing their roles, and by using fuzzy set theory to combine their views according to their significance. An extension, again using fuzzy set theory, brings in the use of multiple criteria on which to base judgements. An example gives risk factors close to those in an existing code.     

Differential uptake of U,Mo and Cu,by roots,stalks and seeds of oats grown on uranium‐rich soils

The uptake of U, Mo and Cu by oats grown in high uranium containing soils was investigated. Roots of the plant were found to constitute an effective barrier to U uptake, while that of Mo was pH dependent. Cu concentrations in the plant were independent of those of the other two metals.     

基于动态损伤及优化AR模型的电子器件寿命预测方法研究

电子器件所承受的各种环境应力和工作应力的时间历程是其性能衰退或发生故障的直接外因。通过分析电子器件单点损伤直接寿命预测方法存在的不足，以器件的动态损伤信息为基础，结合器件的单点损伤递推预测模型，提出了基于优化自回归(AR)模型的电子器件寿命预测方法，并详细介绍了该方法的技术流程和具体算法。并以某型导弹车电控元件功率器件为研究对象对提出的方法进行了案例验证。结果表明：该方法既能考虑电子器件退化的历史变化趋势，又能考虑应力突变带来的预测影响。     

Accounting for porosity, time and temperature dependency in fracture mechanics concepts on polyvinylidene fluoride material

The polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) under study is a semi-crystalline polymer that exhibits sensitivity of mechanical properties to both strain rate and temperature. Furthermore, this material is subjected to a significant cavitation during deformation. A comprehensive experimental database was built in order to analyze the fracture behaviour in the ductile to brittle transition domain. Tensile tests were carried out on smooth and notched specimens at temperatures ranging from −50 °C to 20 °C. The results were used to determine temperature-dependent material parameters by using the mechanics of porous media. The obtained set of parameters was validated on two kinds of pre-cracked specimens, by using the local approach of fracture mechanics. With the help of a finite element code, both global and local approaches of fracture mechanics were shown to complement one another: whereas classical formulae of J-integral fail to characterize crack initiation for this PVDF, the present methodology allowed the plot of J_1C values with respect to temperature.     

马池煤矿11041回采工作面首采段消突技术实践

马池煤矿11041回采工作面为突出危险工作面,在掘进期间采取综合防突措施,保证了掘进安全;为保证回采安全,首先对首采段进行了顺层钻孔预抽,以消除突出危险性,该方法行之有效。     

基于商业模式视角认识代建

在对商业模式理论综述的基础上,提出适用企业实务操作的商业模式概念;站在企业的角度,以商业模式的框架分析了代建的经济逻辑,对代建需求作出了评估,并藉此指出企业通过代建获益的主要方向。